* These meanings are based on the authority of Ibn ‘Abbas, Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, ‘Ikrima, al-Hasan al-Basri, Muhammad b. Ka‘b al-Qurazi, Abu al-‘Aliya al-Riyahi, ‘Ata’ b. Abi Rabah, Ka‘b al-Ahbar, Imam Ahmad b. Hanbal, Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash‘ari and many others.